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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people suffering from ADHD have comorbid conditions such as major depression (Kessler and co., 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to depression medications and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. The most effective medications to treat core symptoms of ADHD are those that boost and balance levels of specific neurotransmitters in the brain. Drugs that stimulate the brain such as methylphenidate or amphetamine are frequently prescribed. Medicines Adults can use many medications that are used for ADHD in children. However the dosages are different and the drugs may cause adverse effects that aren't present in children. A doctor will take into consideration the individual's medical history, family history and other health issues to determine which medication is the best for him or her. The most well-known ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine boost the supply of neurotransmitters that help improve concentration, decrease impulsivity, and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These stimulants that last longer are popular because they improve patient compliance, and more consistent, long-lasting improvement of symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbid conditions like anxiety or depression can influence the response to ADHD medication. Therefore it is recommended that these disorders be treated first and medication used as a second measure. Some medications that are used to treat comorbid mood disorders include atomoxetine and bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Certain patients may experience a “rebound” effect, where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these cases, a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be beneficial. Some people are unable to take stimulant medications or use it due to addiction to drugs or other health issues such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these instances, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications don't cause the same negative side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be abused or diverted. Psychotherapy People with ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people who suffer from ADHD learn to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, or cope with issues in their relationships or at work. It can also aid in the treatment of co-existing mental disorders like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that thoughts and beliefs can affect how a person is feeling, thinks and behaves. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then devise and implement positive strategies to change these. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs techniques for meditation to help a person learn to concentrate on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other forms of psychotherapy focused on a person's history with their family could be beneficial for those who suffer from ADHD who have significant secondary issues. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can aid with specific ADHD issues, like difficulty completing schoolwork or getting along with other people. It can also help in forgetting important dates and obligations and making impulsive decisions that can could lead to legal and financial problems. Psychotherapy can also help a person explore and overcome issues that cause ADHD symptoms, such as depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy can assist people in finding healthy coping techniques and reduce stress. For example exercise, sleep improvement, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to the family member or spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD has on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help couples and families communicate better and understand how to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a kind of psychotherapy which focuses on helping clients overcome their negative patterns of thinking. It involves a dialogue based on skills with a mental health professional to identify the root reason for the symptoms. This therapy aims to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are appropriate to their daily routines. In addition to educating clients to recognize harmful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT aid them in developing skills that allow them to replace negative thoughts with more productive ones. This process can take some time. It is an option for adults who do not feel enough relief from their medications. A recent RCT study found that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy on its own in reducing the severity of the emotional symptoms, core symptoms as well as self-esteem and social functioning of adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke and colleagues. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those with more severe underlying issues. Therapists who offer this kind of treatment work with their clients to develop an action plan that addresses their specific issues. They train them in a series of practical skills that are simple to master and have a high chance of success. Charts are typically used to track progress and reward positive behaviors. This could be the daily report of children that lists the tasks they must complete at school, or the positive behaviors to be demonstrated, and an organized system for tracking and rewarding. Therapists may also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be imposed if a child isn't able to finish their work. This can be done in a sensitive and supportive way. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy, assists individuals in changing how they think. This kind of therapy could be beneficial for those who suffer from various mental health problems like depression. It is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people in recognizing negative thinking patterns and their effects on their emotions. This type of therapy helps them develop psychological tools that are adaptable and beneficial. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To do this we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management and Evaluation). The results showed that comprehensive knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD however, it was not associated with regulation processes. treatment for adult add had moderate predictive power which suggests that they could explain an important amount of variations in the daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an treatment that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination, and attention fixation. MCT was developed by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of MCT in reducing symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders and may even be more effective than other therapies. This isn't an effective treatment, but it can be employed to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the Therapist works with the entire family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's issues and learn how to help their loved ones. It also helps them cope with their frustrations and build better communication skills. This type of counseling can also be used to address comorbid conditions, such as addiction and depression, which are often seen with ADHD. The therapist will commence with an intake session to get a clearer understanding of the family's perception of the issue and determine their potential for intervention by the family. It can be done in person or online. The Therapist will discuss the nature of the treatment with each person and spell out the rules and guidelines of family therapy. A therapist with worked with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to gain insight into their present symptoms as well as their history and the impact they've had on their work, family and relationships. They will also inquire if there are any other mental health issues that are present like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured type of counseling that teaches you to manage your behavior and change negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It focuses on improving your self-esteem and self-control by teaching strategies to manage anxiety and stress. It is a short-term treatment that can be used in conjunction with other types of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy helps people with ADHD to deal with the emotional baggage that results from failure and underachievement. It can also help them deal with conflicts in relationships, job changes, and academic issues. It can teach you ways to reduce stress and cope, and how to better manage your financial and time management. It can also be used to address comorbid conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders, which are often seen alongside ADHD.